Research Methods in Psychology Investigating Human Behavior 2nd Edition Test Bank

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1.     A construct is best described as a

1.     Directly observable entity

2.     Concrete entity

*c. Theoretical entity

1.     Hypothesized entity

2.     Meredith can measure happiness by counting participants’ smiles, by having peers fill out reports about participants, or by asking participants to complete self-reports. These options are _______ of the _______of happiness.

1.     conceptual definitions; construct

*b. operational definitions; construct

1.     conceptual definitions; variable

2.     operational definitions; variable

3.     Kimi operationalizes aggression as participants’ scores on a self-report scale. Candice operationalizes aggression as increases in blood pressure. Candice’s operationalization has

1.     Fewer variables

2.     More variables

3.     Less ecological validity

*d. Greater ecological validity

4.     Josh is studying how options affect satisfaction. He presents participants with either ten different cookies or two different cookies. Participants choose a cookie and then rate how satisfied they are with their selection on a scale from one to ten. In this example, the independent variable is

*a. The number of cookies

1.     Options

2.     Satisfaction scores

3.     The taste of the cookie

5.     Josh is studying how options affect satisfaction. He presents participants with either ten different cookies or two different cookies. Participants choose a cookie and then rate how satisfied they are with their selection on a scale from one to ten. In this example, the dependent variable is

1.     The number of cookies

2.     Options

*c. Satisfaction scores

1.     The taste of the cookies

6.     Ava discovers that the effect of personality type on stress depends on whether individuals meditate. In other words, having a Type A personality predicts high stress for those individuals who do not meditate. At the same time, Type A personality is not related to stress for those individuals who engage in regular meditation. In this example, meditation is

1.     An independent variable

2.     An dependent variable

*c. An intervening variable

1.     A confound

7.     When using different measures to measure the same construct, researchers want these different measures to produce

*a. Convergent results

1.     Divergent results

2.     Inverse results

3.     Intervening results

8.     This is the quantification of an object or event according to a specific rule.

*a. Measurement

1.     Analysis

2.     Theory development

3.     Objectivity

9.     As part of her survey, Lauren asks participants to indicate their gender (male or female). She collects this data on which type of measurement scale?

*a. Nominal

1.     Ordinal

2.     Interval

3.     Ratio

10.   Time on a stop watch is an example of which type of measurement scale?

1.     Nominal

2.     Ordinal

3.     Interval

*d. Ratio

11.   Jackson has people rate their parents’ physical attractiveness on a scale of 1 to 7. This measurement scale is best described as

1.     Nominal

*b. Ordinal

1.     Interval

2.     Ratio

12.   Bethany measures participants’ body temperature (using Fahrenheit) before and after exercise. She is using which scale of measurement?

1.     Nominal

2.     Ordinal

*c. Interval

1.     Ratio

13.   The attributes of nominal variables must be

1.     Numerical

2.     Dichotomous

3.     Additive

*d. Exhaustive

14.   Age is an example of the ____ level of measurement.

1.     Nominal

2.     Ordinal

3.     Interval

*d. Ratio

15.   This is a school of psychology that uses tests as objective measures of the mind and mental processes.

1.     Nonparametrics

2.     Parametrics

*c. Psychometrics

1.     Psychophysics

16.   In a set of normally-distributed scores, approximately 95% of the population falls within

1.     One standard deviation above and below the mean

*b. Two standard deviations above and below the mean

1.     Three standard deviations above and below the mean

2.     Four standard deviations above and below the mean

17.   Compared to unreliable measures, reliable measures are affected

1.     more by chance

2.     more by measurement error

3.     less by changes in the construct

*d. less by measurement error

18.   To establish this type of reliability, researchers measure a construct using a specific method and then, after a certain period of time has passed, measure this construct again using the same method.

1.     Interobserver reliability

2.     Interitem reliability

*c. Test-retest reliability

1.     Split-half reliability